electromagnetic flow meter principle

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1. Collection | The simplest principle and usage guide of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer in history

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in the field of material characterization, offering unparalleled insights into the components and structures of various organic and inorganic substances. It ranks alongside ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry as one of the “four spectrometers” in materials science. NMR is widely applied in physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, environmental science, mining, materials science, and other disciplines. It is a highly effective means for qualitative analysis of organic and inorganic substances and can also be used for quantitative analysis.The principle behind NMR spectroscopy is based on the transition of atomic nuclei between energy levels. Only certain atomic nuclei placed in a strong magnetic field will experience energy level splitting. Resonance occurs when the absorbed radiation energy matches the energy difference between nuclear energy levels, generating a nuclear magnetic resonance signal.When a sample is illuminated with electromagnetic waves of a specific frequency, the atomic nuclei in certain chemical structures within the sample achieve resonance. The position and intensity of the signals obtained during the scanning process correspond to the local structure of the sample molecule (such as functional groups, molecular conformation, etc.), while the signal intensity often reflects the quantity of the relevant nuclei in the sample.NMR spectroscopy is renowned for its precision, accuracy, and ability to probe deep into materials without causing damage. Moreover,

it is the sole experimental technique that can determine the three-dimensional structure of biological molecules in solution. NMR spectrum diagrams are categorized into continuous wave NMR spectrometers (CW-NMR) and pulse Fourier transform spectrometers (PET-NMR).Continuous wave NMR spectrometers consist of six main components: the magnetic field, probe, RF emission unit, RF and magnetic field scanning unit, RF detection unit, and data processing instrument control. The magnetic field generator produces the magnetic field, with options ranging from those with higher frequencies for better resolution, higher sensitivity, and simpler and easier-to-analyze spectra to those with lower frequencies.Continuous wave NMR spectrometer structure diagramContinuous wave NMR spectrometer principle diagramPulse Fourier transform spectrometer principle diagramCompared with other instruments like infrared and mass spectrometers, continuous wave NMR spectrometers have advantages in terms of detection range, detection elements, and detection techniques. NMR spectroscopy can be used for the detection of various materials, including organic compounds, high molecular materials, and their performance evaluation in areas such as medicine, analysis chemistry, and the study of organic molecules " structures. In chemical kinetics research, such as molecular rotation and chemical exchange, NMR can reveal changes in nuclear external chemical environments, reflecting in the spectrum.NMR imaging technology has successfully been used to detect internal defects or damages in materials, study extrusion or foaming materials, the role of adhesives, the distribution of pores in porous materials, and other properties. This technology can be used to improve

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