1. English abbreviations for major sensors in automobiles

Coolant Temperature Sensor: Thermostat Housing Water Temperature (THW)Intake Air Temperature Sensor: Intake Air Temperature (THA)Pressure Sensors:1. Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor (CMP)2. Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP)Speed Sensors:1. Crankshaft Speed (Crankshaft Position) Sensor (CKPS)2. Steering Wheel Angle Sensor (CMP)3. Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)Displacement Direction Sensors:1. Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)2. Camshaft Position Sensor (CMPS)Gas Concentration Sensors:1. Oxygen Sensor (O2S)Common Functions of Sensors:1. To reflect the changes in absolute pressure within the intake manifold, providing a reference signal to the ECU (Engine Control Unit) for calculating the duration of fuel injection.2. To measure the amount of air intake by the engine, providing a reference signal to the ECU for determining the timing of fuel injection.3. To measure the angle of the throttle opening, providing a reference signal to the ECU for cutoff, control of fuel/air ratio, and timing advance correction.4. To detect the rotational speed of the crankshaft and the engine, providing a reference signal to the ECU for determining the ignition timing and the working order.5. To measure the oxygen concentration in the exhaust, providing a reference signal to the ECU for controlling the fuel/air ratio close to the optimal value (theoretical value).6. To measure the temperature of the intake air, providing the ECU with the basis for calculating air density.7. To measure the temperature of the coolant, providing the ECU with information about the engine temperature.8. To be installed on the cylinder block, specifically detecting the condition of engine knock, and providing the ECU with a signal to adjust the ignition timing advance accordingly.References: Baidu Baike - Automotive Sensors

2. What is the abbreviation for AFS? AFS stands for American Field Service. AFS Intercultural Programs is a non-profit non-governmental international organization engaged in international educational exchange. The organization was founded in 1947, formerly known as the American Field Service, founded in 1914. Its members were all field medical personnel from the Anglo French coalition, and its founder was Piet Andrew. Additional Information: Development Introduction After the end of World War I, the American Field Corps sold a batch of ambulances used to rescue the wounded during the war and received the first funding. They witnessed the suffering of the wounded during the war and pondered how to use this funding to prevent the outbreak of war. They believe that the occurrence of war is primarily due to a lack of communication and understanding between nations and individuals. Therefore, they decided to use this fund to allow people to live in foreign countries for a period of time, to learn about the cultures of other ethnic groups, and through communication, to plant the seeds of peace in their hearts. They established scholarships in 1920 specifically for individuals studying in the United States and France. As of the outbreak of World War II, a total of 222 people had participated in the scholarship program. During World War II, as the situation progressed, the activities of the Field Service Corps expanded to the Middle East, Southeast Asia, North Africa, and Europe. After the end of World War II, the members of the Field Service deeply felt the necessity of strengthening mutual understand

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